War Crimes and crimes against humanity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

War Crimes and crimes against humanity - Essay Example Turkish officials killing Armenians during the war, Germans committing atrocities on Jews, Polish people and others, cases that came up during Nuremburg trials, Russian treatment of German prisoners all came under war crimes. Crimes against humanity include genocide, mass murder, en mass slavery, mass executions, enslavement, deportation, extermination etc. This means any atrocious act committed on a large group could be termed as crimes against humanity. Sometimes these two overlap one another. Paul Touvier, Klaus Barbie, and Maurice Papon in France, and Imre Finta in Canada are a few examples. The origins of the war crimes must have started as soon as the war started and that was immediately after the Stone Age when people began grouping together and individuality ended. The groups fought against one another and heaped atrocities on the vanquished men and women. In recent centuries, after the advent of social Darwinism, people have understood the sufferings and harshness that the wars have imposed on Mankind. In Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism, there are dictums against war and war crimes, especially so, in Buddhism and there are historical stories that inform us about the emperors who gave up the war path to avoid atrocities on ordinary soldiers and civilians. But in recent centuries once again, wars have been glorified and war crimes have taken place in many regions of all the continents. In first and second world wars, Japan, Russia, Germany, Italy like countries practiced war crimes. In later years, former Yugoslavia became another example of crimes against humanity. I t is the duty of International law not only to punish war criminals, but also to prevent such happenings. "Essentially, international humanitarian law has a two-fold purpose. It is intended to protect non-combatants, or those who are not now or never were, taking part in the fighting. It also limits the methods and means by which the fighting is carried out," Chuter (2003, p.59). War crimes could be of many kinds. It should involve 'cataclysmic, direct acts of violence', there should be 'logical connection between these events and the discipline of criminology' Yacoubian (2006, p.5). War crimes and crimes against humanity are not limited to only governments and armies. "The framework is not restricted to crimes committed by governments. Criminal acts committed by individual members of society, or corporations therein, are also eligible for inclusion" (Ibid). Genocide, ill-treatment of prisoners of war, ill treating women including sexual assault, mass murder, torture all come under this category of war crimes and crimes against humanity. The main purpose of International Criminal Court is to try war crimes and crimes against humanity and punish the deserving war criminals. Violations of Geneva convention like wilful killing, inflicting serious injury, inhuman torture, or starvation, confinement, wanton destruction of property, forcing a prisoner of war to serve the opposite side, torturing him or denying him a proper trial come under war crimes. In addition, taking hostages and using them for ransom, direct and purposeful attacks on civilians, attacking, injuring or killing peace workers, NGOs, charity organisations and humanitarian organisations like Amnesty international or Red Cross, killing doctors who are on duty as doctors also

Health traditions model by Leininge, Rachel Spector Research Paper

Health traditions model by Leininge, Rachel Spector - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that Health Traditional Model (HTM) came to the existence in 1994 when health tradition immigrants were flooding Ellis Island. This model talks about the transcultural concept that takes place in nursing care and it is applicable to all the programs in nursing education that are licensed by nursing programs. Health tradition model incorporates a theory by Ester and Zitzow on how individual’s way of life reflects the traditional culture that he/she comes from. In this model, heritage consistency refers to the level in which one’s lifestyle reflects the tribal culture that he/she comes from. The model focuses on different traditional cultures for different ethnic sets, for example, the Africans, Europeans, and Hispanics. In the model, Spector uses a holistic health concept to discover methods that people apply for them to restore and care for their health. The model gives a relationship between physical, spiritual and mental hea lth with caring and restoring health. This model states that for one to be able to retain physical health, he/she is supposed to use the traditional clothing and food that the culture recommends. In order to safeguard mental health of an individual, one needs to get emotional and communal care from the community at large and family members. In health tradition model, Spector provides a tool to assess heritage for one to know the level that people stand by their traditions and the way they observe their cultures.... In order to safeguard mental health of an individual, one needs to get emotional and communal care from the community at large and family members (Sagar, 2011) In health tradition model, Spector provides a tool to assess heritage for one to know the level that people stand by their traditions and the way they observe their cultures. She concludes that, traditional people are more close to their traditional cultures compared to acculturated people who distance their traditional practices. Spector argues cultural competence by emphasizing its relationship with culture together with poverty, demographics and immigration. She insists that for one to be a qualified culture care, he/she should acquire attitude and skills for excellent deliverance of the services (Sagar, 2011) In the model, Spector arranges cultural diversity involved in health together with illness in four portions. These portions comprise cultural competency establishment; health, sickness and culture; beliefs that a give n community practices and issues affecting their health; and applying cultural knowledge in general health care. Spector compares tradition to a burden that everyone carries throughout her/his whole life and hands it over to the following generation. Every burden has beliefs, which are tangible or not, together with differing values depending on the background of his/her beliefs. According to this model, culture shows various things that a given group of people shares. For example, it may show that they share geographic origin, religious conviction, dialectal, race and food of preference (Sagar, 2011). Why I choose Health traditional model I choose the health traditional Model because as a nursing student, I think the model will