Energy expenditure, intake and balance Essay Example for Free

Energy expenditure, intake and balance Essay Food is a source of energy intake as it contains carbohydrates; there main function is to store energy in the muscles. Carbs are a macronutrient and come in two different forms, simple which are foods like chocolate and sweets these release energy quickly, the other form is complex which are foods like pasta and rice they release energy slower so are better to keep energy for a sustained period of time. There are certain factors that affect energy intake for instance what gender you are affects how much energy you need, a male’s guideline daily amount is 2500 calories where as a female’s is only 2000 calories. Exercise is a form of energy expenditure; it uses up the energy that has been stored in the muscles and causes the body to lose fluids through sweat. There are also factors that affect energy expenditure such as basal metabolism; this is the amount of energy expended when at rest, the higher the metabolism the more calories you burn meaning that certain people will have to replace more energy than others. Climate is another factor that affects expenditure this is because people in hotter climates lose more energy through sweat than people in cooler climates. (200-300 words) Task 2 [M1] Explain why different nutrients have a differing effect on an individual’s energy intake. Different nutrients have a differing effect on an individual’s intake because each nutrient releases a unique amount of energy and also the speed the energy is released varies for each one. For instance the macronutrient carbohydrates are the body’s main source of energy intake therefore they release the most energy, but even carbohydrates are split in to two groups when determining the speed the energy is released. The two groups are simple carbs and complex carbs, simple carbs are foods like chocolate and sweets their energy release is very quick giving you a short sharp burst of energy but cannot be sustained for a long period of time. On the other hand complex carbs which are found in bread, rice and potatoes release the energy slowly over a longer period of time at a more consistent rate. When talking about other nutrients that release some kind of energy there are only two others, these are fats and protein, fats are like simple carbs releasing only small amounts of energy in quick bursts but their main function for the body is to protect vital organs and provide insulation. Protein is a last resort for energy intake as the energy has to be taken away from the muscles; this is only in rare cases where there are no carbs or fats in the body. (200 words) Task 3 [P4] Describe the following terms: Body Composition: Body Composition is used to describe the percentages of fat, bone and muscle in human bodies. Because muscular tissue takes up less space in our body than fat tissue, our body composition, as well as our weight, determines leanness. Two people of equal height and body weight may look completely different from each other because they have a different body composition. Fat Free Mass: Fat Free Mass is comprised of the components that have no fat in the human body. It can refer to any body tissue that does not contain fat; these include skeletal muscle, bone and water. (50 words) Lean Body Mass: Lean body mass is the mass of the body minus the fat (lipid). Some methods of working this out require specialised equipment such as hydrostatic weighing or DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). Others are very simple such as skin callipers and bioelectrical impedance. (50 words) Task 4 [P4] Describe the following methods of measuring percentage body fat: Skinfold Analysis- This is a method of measuring body fat percentage by taking measurements of fat at 4 different points of the body using a set of skin callipers, they are taking at the bicep, tricep, waist and subscapular (shoulder blade) doing this finds out your fat layer thickness. These measurements are then converted into body fat percentage using an equation; a male should have around 15% body fat whereas a female should have 20-25% due to them having breasts etc. (100 words) Bioelectrical Impedance- Bioelectrical impedance measures the resistance of body tissues to the flow of a small electrical signal. The proportion of body fat can be calculated due to the current flowing through the parts of the body that are made up of mostly of water such as blood, urine and muscle this is not possible through bone, fat and air. By doing this it is possible to work out how much body fat the person has by combining the bioelectric impendence measurement with factors such as gender, age, height, weight, and fitness level. (100 words) Hydro densitometry- Hydro densitometry (which is also known as hydrostatic weighing) is weighing someone while they are in water, it is considered to be the most accurate form of measuring body fat. A very large tank of water is used for this test, firstly a comparison is made between the underwater weight and the dry weight of a person. Due to fat being less dense than the other tissues in the body, it floats more easily. The more fat a person has on their body, the greater the difference between the dry and wet weights. While this method of measuring is very accurate and considered the best way of measuring body fat, not many people use this method because the equipment and test is highly expensive. (100 words) Task 5 [M2] When comparing skin fold callipers and hydrodensitometry both have their advantages and disadvantages for measuring body composition. The cost of callipers is much less than hydrodensitometry, callipers costing around  £15- £20 whereas hydrodensitometry can cost anything up to  £400. The training needed to use the callipers correctly and accurately takes a minimum of 1000 tries but can be performed by anyone; on the other hand hydrodensitometry needs a qualified scientist to use the equipment correctly. Again skin callipers hold the advantage over hydrodensitometry when comparing the speed of measurement. Hydrodensitometry can vary from an hour to three hours due to travel time, changing time, time in pool and time for the results to be calculated. While callipers take only 5 to 10 minutes to get the results. Callipers are much easier to carry out in a field setting as the measurements can be taken anywhere, whereas hydrodensitometry testing has to be done in a specialist room with all the expensive equipment. The one advantage hydrodensitometry holds over skin callipers is the level of accuracy of the results. Callipers results are still very accurate but do not have the same precision of hydrodensitometry results, you also have to take in account human error as this could affect them and this isn’t possible in hydrodensitometry as computers conclude the results. (250 words) Task 6 [D1] How can knowledge of an athlete’s energy intake and expenditure and monitoring of their body composition be used by a coach/support team to aid an individual’s development with respect to sports performance? Knowledge of an athlete’s energy intake and expenditure and monitoring of their body composition can be used in many ways by a coach to aid an individual’s sport performance. If a coach knows exactly what body fat percentage his athlete has he can determine whether he thinks that is a suitable level for the sport his athlete participates in. For example if a coach of a sumo wrestler sees his athlete has low body fat percentage he can put him on a high calorie diet to give him a better chance of matching his opponent, on the other hand if a coach of a marathon runner sees his athlete has a higher body fat percentage that he’s competitors he can put him on a specialised diet and make him do more intense workouts. Looking at a player’s energy intake can also help out the coach in trying to improve his athlete; he can work out whether his athlete is getting enough energy in his diet and whether it has a suitable energy release time. For instance a sprinter may be eating complex carbs like bread and pasta before a race which wouldn’t be suitable as they release energy slowly, the coach can see this and change it to some simple carbs like chocolate as they release energy In a quick short burst which is much more suitable for a 10 second race. Finally a coach can take into consideration whether his athlete is expending his energy suitably, for example if a football player is going on a 5 mile run before a match the coach can suggest that he reduces the distance as he is wasting energy which he should be saving. Expending too much energy in training can also lead to the risk of injury and fatigue so the coach can keep his training at a suitable level for the athlete he is training. Fruit and veg should take up around 33% of your diet; they contain the micronutrient vitamins and minerals, the role of vitamins is to help maintain a healthy immune system to fight off illness and infection, whereas minerals are needed for body functions such as hair growth and to keep bones strong. Starchy foods such as bread, rice and potatoes should also take up around 33% of your diet; they contain the macronutrient carbohydrates which are required to store energy in the muscles for physical activity. Milk and dairy foods such as cream and cheese should take up around 15% of your diet and contain the mineral calcium which is key for maintaining strong bones and teeth. Non-dairy sources of protein such as meats and fish should make up around 15% of your diet these are rich in protein which is needed for the growth and repair of muscles. Red meats such as beef and lamb also provide the body with iron which helps prevent anaemia. Fats and sugars such as chocolate and sweets should only take up 8% of your diet as consuming to many can lead to health problems. They do however provide the body with insulation and an alternate energy source to carbohydrates.

Changing Roles of Men and Women :: Womens Studies

Changing Roles of Men and Women Women’s lives have changed dramatically, for the last half-twentieth century as Paula England said. One significant change has been an increase of women in the labor force. In 1950 only 30 percent of women were in the labor force. By 1994, the number of women in the labor force had reached 58 percent. Most women were married with young children. Women worked in the same jobs as men did. However, they got less pay and fewer opportunities. At that time, women did more work than men in the housework, which was unequal. On the other hand, as I heard in the Morning Edition by David Molpus, today’s generation is trying to change inequity. There is a young married couple, who both have full time jobs, and children. They think 50-50 is a good idea, because it will allow men the opportunity to spend more time with their children. Also, there is another married couple who believe the same as the others. They are against day care because they think day care is not safe for children. These men share with their wives everything they experience . In my opinion, men and women should have equity for career work and inside the home. I believe if women have the same jobs men do, they should get the same pay and opportunity as men. For instance, women have the same pressure, responsibility, and accountability. According to Paula England table on p-41. The job evaluation points shows that female registered nurses have a higher point value in comparison to male chemists. So I don’t see the reason women should get less pay and equity. Men should help their wives with the housework. It is not fair to expect women to work harder than men, because they are human beings too. Men should feel the same responsibility women feel. Today is not the time women should stay at home to raise children. We are in a new generation which times has changed.

Analysis Paper Hills Like White Elephants

Victor Aguirre ENGL 1102 (T/R 9:30a. m. ) February 1, 2013 Short Story Analysis Paper Topic: Hills like White Elephants Meaningful Hills Hills are seen as just abstract objects in a distance, some may be seen as beautiful and they are hard to get around when you don’t have the best way to overcome them. In the short story an American man and a girl named Jig are sitting in a rail station waiting for the train to Madrid. While they are waiting, they have an intense, ongoing discussion over whether or not Jig will get an abortion.The hills are viewed as a symbol of how big obstacles can set minor setback in life, but you have to find a way around to move on. In the story, Jig looked at the hills and said, â€Å"They look like white elephants. † To Jig the case was very rare to encounter such animal. The hills on the other hand represent big obstacles that we must climb, but they are not enormous mountains. This represents the fact that the girl's baby is a key obstacle in her life, but it is not the end of her life and she will make it through.The only problem is that the American is trying to convince her to go thru with the operation, thus causing certain conflict between the couple. Even though Jig knows she will be ok if she allows the baby to live, the Americans negativity affects her mood and thoughts on their relationship. Hills are also perspectives to look out from, but also block the view for those who reside in the valley. This represents how in the story Jig looks at the hills and sees opportunity, yet at the same time the American looks at the hills and sees nothing, his vision of a positive and happy future is congested by the enormous obstacle of the child.The happiness that the baby will transfer to the couple would make everything feel perfectly fine to Jig. The fact that the American sees this as a negative effect on their lives really hurts Jig. Nevertheless she wants to make things work with him, and she will try to until their j ourney comes to a stop. Like the wilderness the hills are stunning, natural and completely stationery. In other words, they have always been in the same place, and they will always be that way, that's just the way it is.This shows how settling down would be a necessity with a baby. It also shows that being pregnant is no small thing. A baby is a huge responsibility and is not something you take very lightly. Regardless of the girl's decision, it is not something that the girl will ever be able forget about. A baby is a life form which can’t be brought back to life once it’s gone and neither can you get rid of it, just because you don’t want it. All the traveling is getting to her and she wants to stay still for some time and have a family.In which she can enjoy spending time with and live a happy life with. In the story there was a part when Jig looks at the scenery and says, â€Å"And we could have all this. † (Pg. 175) Referring to on a deeper level, hi lls represent a test, new life, and opportunity. While Jig sits down and looks at the hills, seeing a chance and is considering the possibility of new life, a newborn child in her life. The opportunity of settling down and getting to a new stage in her life where she can feel proud of herself and take care of one of her own.Nothing is easy in life, and for Jig to accept the responsibility of the operation could be a pricey choice in the long run. Throughout the short story many examples where shown of how the hills resemble the view point of Jig and the American. The American is eagerly trying to convince Jig to pursue the possibility of going through with the surgery. While only thinking about his happiness and not whether Jig feels ok with it. The American tries to make his words sound mellow and convincing but Jig sees past them and realizes that the right choice is within her.Regardless of what the American wants, she is the only one who has to endure the real pain of the situat ion, nevertheless her surroundings let her visualize how they could help her with her decision. Therefore the hills help her realize how many things in life are just obstacles but can be easily overcome with by finding a resolution that will benefit everyone. Works Citied Page Hemingway, Ernest. Hills Like White Elephants. Rpt. In Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. 2nd ed. Ed. Robert DiYanni. New York: McGraw Hill, 2008. 400-403. Print

Dialectical Journal- The Things They Carried and Into the...

Lily Cooke AP Lang Summer Dialectical Journal The Things They Carried- Tim O’Brien 1) â€Å"They carried the soldier’s greatest fear, which was the fear of blushing. Men killed, and died, because they were embarrassed not to. It was what had brought them to the war in the first place, nothing positive, no dreams of glory or honor, just to avoid the blush of dishonor. They died so as not to die of embarrassment† (O’Brien 20). This quote in the first chapter of the book sets the overall tone. The author Tim O’Brien uses his language through out the book in an extremely straightforward manner. He does not sugar coat the way going to war and being in a war is. He does not use stories of heroes,†¦show more content†¦While on the other hand, Jensen let Strunk live, which did not follow through with their agreement. Either choice that Jensen could’ve made he takes all the blame. This proves how even though Jensen should be mourning the death of his friend; his first thought was that Strunk would’ve ended up dea d either way. This, in Dave Jensen’s eyes, verifies that he did not make the wrong choice. O’Brien quickly jumps to Strunk’s death in this paragraph. At first, he describes Strunk being taken away by the helicopter and then straight after, this quote was written. Throughout this novel, O’Brien’s usage of language and his own style are concise and clear. He quickly jumps to Strunk’s death because there was nothing else left to be said. The most important message to get across to the reader is the sense of guilt that 4) â€Å"He was a slim, dead, almost dainty young man of about twenty. He lay one leg bent beneath him, his jaw in his throat, his face neither expressive nor inexpressive. One eye was shut. The other was a star-shaped hole† (O’Brien 124). blinds the rest of the events and occurrences when at war. O’Brien clearly shows the reader this when Dave Jensen was blinded by his own guilt and felt better when his friend passed away. I admired how O’Brien in one simple quote said so much about how guilt controls a soldier during war. O’Brien isShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The Scarlet Letter 1941 Words   |  8 PagesVarun Ramaswamy Ms. Kimbrough English III AP – 7th 4 November 2014 The Scarlet Letter Ch. 13 - 24 Dialectical Journals Quotations Response Chapter 13 â€Å"Such helpfulness†¦so much power to do and power to sympathize†¦ [interprets] the scarlet A by its original signification.† (Hawthorne 323) This quote is evidently significant since it shows the fact that as the chapter suggests the general people’s new viewpoint which they are starting to see of Hester; of her diligence which proves to be much moreRead MoreExistentialism vs Essentialism23287 Words   |  94 Pages------------------------------------------------- Essentialism vs. Existentialism Essentialism: A belief that things have a set of characteristics that make them what they are, amp; that the task of science and philosophy is their discovery amp; expression; the doctrine that essence is prior to existence While, Existentialism:A philosophical theory or approach, that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free amp; responsibleRead MoreStarbucks Business Plan31663 Words   |  127 Pagesactors view claims that man should be seen both as a particle and a wave with indefinite freedom. As creators of knowledge in this view one must never stand outside in order to observe. Because if one participate oneself then one will notice that things are moving around by one’s own choice. To talk about actor in the actors view is off course sensible. It indicates an interest in people as intentional, that is, as active, reflective and creative individuals. The thoughts and ideas behind the actorsRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 Pagesnotes. Organisational Analysis: Notes and Essays Page v Organisational Theory Introduction to the Workshop This workshop is not primarily about management of organisations, but about organisations and people. There is actually no such thing as ‘management theory’ in terms of a separable area of study, and what normally goes under that rubric is really an ideological stance vis-à  -vis more general consideration of organisational and human phenomena. Most of the main elements are taken fromRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesTo Donnaree, my wife, and Donnisa, my daughter, the two persons around whom my life revolves; and to the ancestors whose struggles have enabled us to survive and thrive This page intentionally left blank Foreword One of the most useful things about Ennis Edmondss Rastafari: From Outcasts to Culture Bearers is that it correctly traces the connection between the emergence of Rastafarianism and the history of resistance and black consciousness that has been part of the Jamaican experience